Facing the victorious Turks: how the French misread the Turkish war of independence : How the French Misread the Turkish War of Independence

"In Facing the Victorious Turks, Andrew Orr argues that French military, intelligence, and diplomatic officials' Orientalism and racism led them to misunderstand the Turkish War of Independence by placing Europeans at the center of their analysis of the Middle East.

French observers' flawed understanding of Muslims and Islam fed conspiracy theories that distorted their understanding of Germany, the emerging Soviet Union, Middle Eastern politics, and colonialism.

It allowed them to perceive and report the danger of Middle East-wide revolts without questioning whether it was European rule itself that was causing the political turmoil.

French military leaders were thus able to escape the sort of self-reflection that might have exposed the exploitative nature of colonialism and pushed them to question the moral and strategic justifications for colonial rule"--.