Populism and Feminism in Iran : Women’s Struggle in a Male-Defined Revolutionary Movement

Women presented the first effective challenge to the Islamic regime and the clerical authority in post-revolutionary Iran.

Women's activism in support of their legal rights and personal freedom, however, did not develop into a strong movement against the rising fundamentalism.

The Iranian socialists did not support women's autonomous organizations.

The convergence of the Left's populism with Islamic populism, and the influence of the Iranian/Shiite political culture that promotes male authority and female submission, could not reconcile with women's claims to individual rights, choice, and personal freedom and their struggle for autonomy and self-determination in private or public life.