Algebraic Geometry: Part I: Schemes. With Examples and Exercises (2010 edition.)

Algebraic geometry has its origin in the study of systems of polynomial equations f (x ,. . . ,x )=0, 1 1 n . . . f (x ,. . . ,x )=0. r 1 n Here the f ? k[X ,. . . ,X ] are polynomials in n variables with coe?cients in a ?eld k. i 1 n n ThesetofsolutionsisasubsetV(f ,. . . ,f)ofk . Polynomialequationsareomnipresent 1 r inandoutsidemathematics,andhavebeenstudiedsinceantiquity.

Thefocusofalgebraic geometry is studying the geometric structure of their solution sets. n If the polynomials f are linear, then V(f ,. . . ,f ) is a subvector space of k. Its i 1 r "size" is measured by its dimension and it can be described as the kernel of the linear n r map k ? k , x=(x ,. . . ,x ) ? (f (x),. . . ,f (x)). 1 n 1 r For arbitrary polynomials, V(f ,. . . ,f ) is in general not a subvector space. To study 1 r it, one uses the close connection of geometry and algebra which is a key property of algebraic geometry, and whose ?rst manifestation is the following: If g = g f +. . . g f 1 1 r r is a linear combination of the f (with coe?cients g ? k[T ,. . . ,T ]), then we have i i 1 n V(f ,. . . ,f)= V(g,f ,. . . ,f ). Thus the set of solutions depends only on the ideal 1 r 1 r a? k[T ,. . . ,T ] generated by the f .