Signaling Pathways for Translation : Insulin and Nutrients (Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2001)

The articles in the present volume are by major contributors to our under­ standing of signaling pathways affecting protein synthesis.

They focus pri­ marily on two extracellular anabolic signals, although others are included as well.

Insulin is one of the best-studied extracellular regulators of protein syn­ thesis.

Several of the known pathways for regulation of protein synthesis were elucidated using insulin-dependent systems.

Regulation of protein synthesis by amino acids, by contrast, is an emerging field that has recently received a great deal of attention.

The dual role of amino acids as substrates for protein syn­ thesis and regulators of the overall process has only recently been recognized.

Since amino acids serve as precursors for proteins, one might expect that with­ holding an essential amino acid would inhibit the elongation phase.

Surpris­ ingly, research has shown that it is the initiation phase of protein synthesis that is restricted during amino acid starvation.

Understanding the mechanisms by which the biosynthesis of proteins is reg­ ulated is important for several reasons.

Protein synthesis consumes a major portion of the cellular ATP that is generated.

Therefore, small changes in protein synthesis can have great consequences for cellular energy metabolism.

Translation is also a major site for control of gene expression, since messenger RNAs differ widely in translational efficiency, and changes to the protein syn­ thesis machinery can differentially affect recruitment of individual mRNAs.