Elephant slaves and pampered parrots : exotic animals in eighteenth-century Paris

In 1775, a visitor to Laurent Spinacuta's Grande Menagerie at the annual winter fair in Paris would have seen two tigers, several kinds of monkeys, an armadillo, an ocelot, and a condor - in all, 42 live animals.

In this work, Louise Robbins explains that exotic animals from around the world were common in 18th-century Paris.

In the streets of the city, residents and visitors could observe performing elephants and a fighting polar bear.

Those looking for unusual pets could purchase parrots, flying squirrels and capuchin monkeys.

The royal menagerie at Versailles displayed lions, cranes, an elephant, a rhinoceros and a zebra, which in 1760 became a major court attraction.For Enlightenment-era Parisians, exotic animals both piqued scientific curiosity and conveyed social status.

Their availability was a boon for naturalists like Buffon, author of the best-selling "Histoire naturelle", who observed unusual species in a variety of locations around the city.

Louis XVI saw his menagerie as a manifestation of his power and funded its upkeep accordingly, while critics used the caged animals as metaphors of slavery and political oppression amidst the growing political turmoil.

In her account, Robbins considers nearly every aspect of France's obsession with exotic fauna, from the vast literature on exotic animals and the inner workings of the oiseleurs' (birdsellers') guild to how the animals were transported, housed and cared for.