1 Introduction.- References.- 2 General theory, history and development.- Principles of two-dimensional echocardiography.- Principles of Dopper echocardiography.- Digital cine loop technology.- History and development of transesophageal echocardiography.- Characteristics of transesophageal systems.- References.- 3 Standard transesophageal imaging and planes.- General considerations.- Cardiac examination.- Transgastric views.- Midesophageal views.- Basal esophageal views.- References.- 4 On-line and off-line determinations of ventricular preloads and volumes.- Preload - clinical relevance.- Off-line echocardiography estimations of preload.- Prolate ellipse method, area-length approach.- Simpson's rule method.- On-line assessment of preload: acoustic quantification technique.- References.- 5 Assessment of afterload.- Clinical relevance.- Echocardiographic estimation of afterload.- References.- 6 Contractility.- Contractility indices revisited.- Cardiac output.- Two-dimensional method.- Doppler echocardiography method.- Theory.- Cardiac output by sampling the aortic valve.- Cardiac output by sampling the pulmonic valve.- Fundamental sources of error.- Comparison with other methods of cardiac measurement.- Uses of Doppler cardiac output in anesthesiology.- Ejection fraction.- Mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf).- Two-dimensional Doppler echocardiographic estimation of isovolumic phase indexes.- Peak rate of change of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt).- Isovolumic contraction time (IVCT).- Frank-Starling principle and end-systolic performance curves.- References.- 7 Perioperative myocardial ischemia.- Cardiac risk.- References.- Myocardial ischemia: pathophysiology and effects of the inhalational anesthetics.- References.- Left ventricular segmental wall motion analysis.- Experimental and clinical studies.- Standard TEE monitoring position.- General considerations.- Reference systems.- Methods for calculating the central reference (centroid) for an individual frame.- Systolic wall thickening analysis.- Biplane and multiplane TEE imaging.- Cine loop and SWMA.- Methodological problems.- References.- Automated on-line wall motion analysis.- Principles of border identification.- Principles of the internal "centroid" reference systems.- Wall motion versus wall thickening.- Conclusion.- References.- Myocardial ischemia and Doppler transmural diastolic flow.- Recording techniques and parameters of Doppler transmitral inflow.- Practical remarks on measurement of Doppler transmitral parameters.- Relation between mitral flow characteristic and hemodynamics.- Doppler transmitral flow for intraoperative diagnosis of acute myocardial ischemia.- References.- Myocardial perfusion by contrast echocardiography: new trend in ischemia detection (scenario of the year 2000).- Principles of contrast echocardiography.- Quantitative analysis of myocardial contrast two-dimensional echocardiography.- a) Assessment of the perfusion territory of regional myocardial perfusion mapping.- b) Qualification of regional myocardial blood flow.- Conclusion.- References.
