Service and service systems: provider challenges and directions in unsettled times (First edition.)

Unsettled times can arise from a variety of causes, including ones that are environmental, climatic, economic, social or political in nature.

They can result in citizens' loss of homes and possessions, jobs, health or mobility.

Citizens move from above the level of consumption adequacy, where their behaviours reflect long-term and higher-order needs, to below the level of consumption adequacy, where they are forced into a short-term focus on simple existence.

In parallel, services provided by various organizations - utilities, transportation, medical, maintenance, housing, education, broadcasting, national state and local governments - may become ineffective or unavailable under such conditions.

This book explores the effect of unsettled times on spatial service systems.