Epictetus Philosopher-Therapist

Epictetus presents difficulties for the historiall of ideas.

He published nothing, while his so-called writings are mostly notes of so me of his discussions taken down haphazardly by a friend.

Moreover, about half of the notes are lost, and little is known of his life.

All this may go toward explaining the paucity of Epictetus studies; for indeed this is the first book-length commentary published in English devoted only to hirn.

All known aspects of his work are here considered and recon­ structed and freshly approached.

Eut the emphasis is on his re­ marks in ethics, for the simple reason that ethics was his dominant interest and that his diagnoses of problems in living and tech­ niques for coping with those problems have been insufficiently appreciated.

His ethics is primarily pain-oriented: it consists of existential reminders, such as that things are ephemer al and people vulnerable, plus ways of avoiding and easing distress, induding training and thought-analysis, because he believed that people's troubles stern largely from silly habits and precon­ ceptions.