Living with defeat : France under the German occupation, 1940-1944

After a stupefying defeat in 1940, the French had to come to terms with the realities of occupation.

This text looks at the whole range of French responses.

How did the various elements in French society adapt?

It lays bare the patterns of people's behaviour, of collaboration in daily life, whether flaunted or surreptitious, the search for work or for contracts from the Germans, the absorption of German "ways" and going to concerts, conferences or exhibitions organized by the enemy.Placed in this extraordinary predicament, the French had to find a line between the acceptable and unacceptable, make the choice between dignity and indignity, good and bad, consult the image they had of themselves and of their country and consider its interests and their own interests.

Whether their response to the occupation was hesitant, ambivalent, bloody or debauched, it has remained an open wound, refusing to heal with the passing of time.